The center of each tooth consists of a space containing soft tissue known as the dental pulp. The pulp contains nerves and blood vessels that supply the tooth with sensation and nutrients. The pulp can become inflamed as a result of infection from large cavities/deep fillings or trauma. This can result in significant pain for the patient. Inflammation of the dental pulp is known as pulpitis and can lead to complete death of the pulp tissues (pulpal necrosis).
In order to treat an irreversible pulpitis or pulpal necrosis a root canal procedure is performed. During a root canal the dentist makes a small access hole through the outer layers of the tooth into the dental pulp. The infected/inflamed pulp is then removed using special instruments, and the canal space that contained the pulp previously is shaped and irrigated to eliminate bacteria. Gutta-percha, a natural material with rubber like consistency, is then used to fill the canal space, and a filling called a core buildup is placed over the top. Depending on the condition of a tooth, as well as location of the tooth in the mouth, a crown may also be recommended to protect a root canaled tooth.